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PRIVATE PASSENGER AUTO INSURANCE INDUSTRY UNDERWRITING EXPENSES, 2013 (1)

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Expense Percent of premiums
LOSSES AND RELATED EXPENSES (2)  
Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) ratio 76.1%
    Incurred losses 63.5
    Defense and cost containment expenses incurred 2.8
    Adjusting and other expenses incurred 9.8
OPERATING EXPENSES (3)  
Expense ratio 25.0%
    Net commissions and brokerage expenses incurred 8.2
    Taxes, licenses and fees 2.3
    Other acquisition and field supervision expenses incurred 8.8
    General expenses incurred 5.8
DIVIDENDS TO POLICYHOLDERS (2) 0.6%
COMBINED RATIO AFTER DIVIDENDS (4) 101.7%
(1) After reinsurance transactions. (2) As a percent of net premiums earned ($172.5 billion in 2013). (3) As a percent of net premiums written ($174.9 billion in 2013). (4) Sum of loss and LAE, expense and dividends ratios. Source: SNL Financial LC.